Logic

Logic is the study of reasoning and valid inference. It involves analyzing statements, arguments, and deductive processes. Questions may include solving logic puzzles, evaluating the truth of compound statements, using truth tables, and identifying logical fallacies.

• Question

  When there are no classes and the weather is good, Danny always goes to the park. Today the weather is good, and Danny is going to the park. Is it necessarily the case that there are no classes today?

  Topics:

  Logic -> Reasoning / Logic

• Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves

  Ali Baba wrote the number `17` on a piece of paper. The forty thieves pass the paper to each other, and each one either adds `1` to the existing number, or subtracts `1`, until each of them has done so once, and then they return the paper to Ali Baba.

  Is it possible that the number now written on the paper is `40`?

  Topics:

  Arithmetic Combinatorics -> Invariants Logic -> Reasoning / Logic Number Theory -> Division -> Parity (Even/Odd) Combinatorics -> Case Analysis / Checking Cases -> Processes / Procedures
  Sources:
  • problems.ru web site

• Question

  Find all pairs of prime numbers whose difference is `17`.

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  Topics:

  Number Theory -> Prime Numbers Logic -> Reasoning / Logic Number Theory -> Division -> Parity (Even/Odd) Combinatorics -> Case Analysis / Checking Cases -> Processes / Procedures
  Sources:
  • problems.ru web site

• Question

  A group of children went to an amusement park. It is known that the number of girls wearing hats is equal to the number of boys not wearing hats.

  Who are there more of in this group: children not wearing hats or girls?

  Topics:

  Logic -> Reasoning / Logic Set Theory
  Sources:
  • problems.ru web site

• Question

  In the magical land, in every school where both physics and geography are studied, astronomy is necessarily also studied.

  It is known that at Alice's school, astronomy and physics are studied. Do they also study geography?

  Topics:

  Logic -> Reasoning / Logic

• Apples and Pears

  There is a basket containing `30` fruits. It is known that among any `12` fruits we take from the basket, there is necessarily at least one apple, and among any `20` fruits there is necessarily one pear. How many apples and how many pears are there in the basket?

  Topics:

  Combinatorics -> Pigeonhole Principle Algebra -> Inequalities Logic -> Reasoning / Logic
  Sources:
  • problems.ru web site

• Three Friends

  There are three friends, Weiss, Schwartzman, and Rotenberg. This trio of friends is special because one of them is blonde, one is ginger (redhead), and one has black hair. One day, the blonde guy said to Schwartzman: "We are a very special trio of friends! Notice that it's not only that the last names of the three of us mean colors, but also that each of our last names does not match his hair color."

  What hair color does each of these three people have?

  Note: "Schwartzman" means "black man", "Rotenberg" means "red mountain" and "Weiss" means "white" (from Yiddish).

  Topics:

  Logic -> Reasoning / Logic Combinatorics -> Case Analysis / Checking Cases -> Processes / Procedures Combinatorics -> Number Tables Logic -> Truth-tellers and Liars Problems
  Sources:
  • problems.ru web site

• Corruption in Parliament

  The parliament of the magical country consists of `20` people. It is known that among the `20` members of parliament, there is at least one who is not corrupt. Additionally, it is known that for any two members of parliament we choose, one is necessarily corrupt. How many members of parliament of the magical country are corrupt?

  Topics:

  Algebra -> Inequalities Logic -> Reasoning / Logic Combinatorics -> Case Analysis / Checking Cases -> Processes / Procedures
  Sources:
  • problems.ru web site

• Mitzi

  There are many cats named Mitzi. Which is more numerous: cats excluding the cats that are not named Mitzi, or animals named Mitzi excluding those that are not cats?

  Topics:

  Logic -> Reasoning / Logic Set Theory
  Sources:
  • problems.ru web site

• Clock Tower

  A bell in a clock tower rings `3` times in `12` seconds. How long does it take to ring `6` times?

  Topics:

  Arithmetic Algebra -> Word Problems Logic -> Reasoning / Logic Number Theory -> Division
  Sources:
  • problems.ru web site